Chemistry Timeline Chronology of Major Events

Timeline of major events in chemistry history: Democritus (465 BC)First to propose that matter exists in the form of particles. Coined the term atoms.by convention bitter, by convention sweet, but in reality atoms and void Alchemists (~1000-1650)Among other things, the alchemists sought a universal solvent, attempted to change lead and other metals into gold, and tried to discover an elixir which would prolong life. The alchemists learned how to use metallic compounds and plant-derived materials to treat diseases. 1100sOldest written description of lodestone used as a compass. Boyle, Sir Robert (1637-1691)Formulated the fundamental gas laws. First to propose the combination of small particles to form molecules. Differentiated between compounds and mixtures. Torricelli, Evangelista (1643)Invented the mercury barometer. von Guericke, Otto (1645)Constructed the first vacuum pump. Bradley, James (1728)Uses aberration of starlight to determine the speed of light to within 5% accuracy. Priestley, Joseph (1733-1804)Discovered oxygen, carbon monoxide, and nitrous oxide. Proposed electrical inverse-square law (1767). Scheele, C.W. (1742-1786)Discovered chlorine, tartaric acid, metal oxidation, and sensitivity of silver compounds to light (photochemistry). Le Blanc, Nicholas (1742-1806)Invented process for making soda ash from sodium sulfate, limestone, and coal. Lavoisier, A.L. (1743-1794)Discovered nitrogen. Described the composition of many organic compounds. Sometimes regarded as the Father of Chemistry. Volta, A. (1745-1827)Invented the electric battery. Berthollet, C.L. (1748-1822)Corrected Lavoiser’s theory of acids. Discovered bleaching ability of chlorine. Analyzed combining weights of atoms (stoichiometry). Jenner, Edward (1749-1823)Development of smallpox vaccine (1776). Franklin, Benjamin (1752)Demonstrated that lightning is electricity. Dalton, John (1766-1844)Proposed atomic theory based on measurable masses (1807). Stated law of partial pressure of gasses. Avogadro, Amedeo (1776-1856)Proposed principle that equal volumes of gasses contain the same number of molecules. Davy, Sir Humphry (1778-1829)Laid foundation of electrochemistry. Studied electrolysis of salts in water. Isolated sodium and potassium. Gay-Lussac, J.L. (1778-1850)Discovered boron and iodine. Discovered acid-base indicators (litmus). Improved method for making sulfuric acid. Researched behavior of gasses. Berzelius J.J. (1779-1850)Classified minerals according to their chemical composition. Discovered and isolated many elements (Se, Th, Si, Ti, Zr). Coined the terms isomer and catalyst. Coulomb, Charles (1795)Introduced the inverse-square law of electrostatics. Faraday, Michael (1791-1867)Coined term electrolysis. Developed theories of electrical and mechanical energy, corrosion, batteries, and electrometallurgy. Faraday was not a proponent of atomism. Count Rumford (1798)Thought that heat was a form of energy. Wohler, F. (1800-1882)First synthesis of an organic compound (urea, 1828). Goodyear, Charles (1800-1860)Discovered vulcanization of rubber (1844). Hancock in England made a parallel discovery. Young, Thomas (1801)Demonstrated the wave nature of light and the principle of interference. Liebig, J. von (1803-1873)Investigated photosynthesis reaction and soil chemistry. First proposed the use of fertilizers. Discovered chloroform and cyanogen compounds. Oersted, Hans (1820)Observed that a current in a wire can deflect a compass needle - provided first concrete evidence of the connection between electricity and magnetism. Graham, Thomas (1822-1869)Studied diffusion of solutions through membranes. Established foundations of colloid chemistry. Pasteur, Louis (1822-1895)First recognition of bacteria as disease-causing agents. Developed field of immunochemistry. Introduced heat-sterilization of wine and milk (pasteurization). Saw optical isomers (enantiomers) in tartaric acid. Sturgeon, William (1823)Invented the electromagnet. Carnot, Sadi (1824)Analyzed heat engines. Ohm, Simon (1826)Stated law of electrical resistance. Brown, Robert (1827)Discovered Brownian motion. Lister, Joseph (1827-1912)Initiated use of antiseptics in surgery, e.g., phenols, carbolic acid, cresols. Kekulà ©, A. (1829-1896)Father of aromatic chemistry. Realized four-valent carbon and structure of benzene ring. Predicted isomeric substitutions (ortho-, meta-, para-). Nobel, Alfred (1833-1896)Invented dynamite, smokeless powder, and blasting gelatin. Established international awards for achievements in  chemistry, physics, and medicine (Nobel Prize). Mendelà ©ev, Dmitri (1834-1907)Discovered periodicity of the elements. Compiled the  first Periodic Table  with elements arranged into 7 groups (1869). Hyatt, J.W. (1837-1920)Invented the plastic Celluloid (nitrocellulose modified  using camphor)(1869). Perkin, Sir W.H. (1838-1907)Synthesized first organic dye (mauveine, 1856) and first synthetic perfume (coumarin). Beilstein, F.K. (1838-1906)Compiled  Handbuchder  organischen  Chemie, a compendium of the properties and reactions of organics. Gibbs, Josiah W. (1839-1903)Stated three principal laws of thermodynamics. Described  the nature of entropy  and established a relation between chemical, electric, and thermal energy. Chardonnet, H. (1839-1924)Produced a synthetic fiber (nitrocellulose). Joule, James (1843)Experimentally demonstrated that heat is  a form of energy. Boltzmann, L. (1844-1906)Developed  kinetic theory  of gasses. Viscosity and diffusion properties are summarized in Boltzmann’s Law. Roentgen, W.K. (1845-1923)Discovered x-radiation (1895). Nobel Prize in 1901. Lord Kelvin  (1838)Described the absolute zero point of temperature. Joule, James (1849)Published results from experiments showing that heat is a form of energy. Le Chatelier, H.L. (1850-1936)Fundamental research on equilibrium reactions (Le Chatelier’s Law),  combustion of gasses, and iron and steel metallurgy. Becquerel, H. (1851-1908)Discovered radioactivity of uranium (1896) and deflection of electrons by magnetic fields and gamma rays. Nobel Prize in 1903 (with the Curies). Moisson, H. (1852-1907)Developed electric furnace for making carbides and purifying metals. Isolated fluorine (1886). Nobel Prize in 1906. Fischer, Emil (1852-1919)Studied sugars, purines, ammonia,  uric acid, enzymes,  nitric acid. Pioneer research in sterochemistry. Nobel Prize in 1902. Thomson, Sir J.J. (1856-1940)Research on cathode rays  proved existence of electrons (1896). Nobel Prize in 1906. Plucker, J. (1859)Built  one of the first gas discharge tubes  (cathode ray tubes). Maxwell, James Clerk (1859)Described the mathematical distribution of the velocities of molecules of a gas. Arrhenius, Svante (1859-1927)Researched rates of reaction versus temperature (Arrhenius equation) and electrolytic dissociation.  Nobel Prize in 1903. Hall,  Charles Martin  (1863-1914)Invented method of manufacturing aluminum by the electrochemical reduction of alumina. Parallel discovery by Heroult in France. Baekeland, Leo H. (1863-1944)Invented  phenolformaldehyde  plastic (1907). Bakelite was the first completely synthetic resin. Nernst, Walther Hermann  (1864-1941)Nobel Prize in 1920  for work in thermochemistry. Performed basic research in electrochemistry and thermodynamics. Werner, A. (1866-1919)Introduced concept of coordination theory of valence (complex chemistry). Nobel Prize in 1913. Curie, Marie (1867-1934)With  Pierre Curie, discovered and isolated radium and polonium (1898). Studied  radioactivity of uranium. Nobel Prize in 1903 (with Becquerel) in physics; in chemistry 1911. Haber, F. (1868-1924)Synthesized  ammonia from nitrogen  and hydrogen, the  first industrial fixation of atmospheric nitrogen  (the process was further developed by Bosch). Nobel Prize 1918. Lord Kelvin (1874)Stated the  second law  of thermodynamics. Rutherford, Sir Ernest (1871-1937)Discovered that uranium radiation is composed of positively charged alpha particles and negatively charged beta particles (1989/1899). First to prove radioactive decay of heavy elements and to perform a transmutation reaction (1919). Discovered  half-life of radioactive elements. Established that the nucleus was small, dense, and positively charged. Assumed that electrons were outside the nucleus. Nobel Prize in 1908. Maxwell, James Clerk (1873)Proposed that electric and magnetic fields filled space. Stoney, G.J. (1874)Proposed that electricity consisted of discrete negative particles he named electrons. Lewis, Gilbert N. (1875-1946)Proposed electron-pair theory of acids and bases. Aston, F.W. (1877-1945)Pioneer research on isotope separation by mass spectrograph. Nobel Prize 1922. Sir William Crookes (1879)Discovered  that cathode rays  travel in straight lines, impart a negative charge, are deflected by electric and magnetic fields (indicating negative charge), cause glass to fluoresce, and cause pinwheels in their path to spin (indicating mass). Fischer, Hans (1881-1945)Research on porphyrins, chlorophyll, carotene. Synthesized hemin. Nobel Prize in 1930. Langmuir, Irving (1881-1957)Research in the fields of surface chemistry, monomolecular films, emulsion chemistry,  electric discharges  in gasses, cloud seeding. Nobel Prize in 1932. Staudinger, Hermann (1881-1965)Studied high-polymer structure, catalytic synthesis, polymerization mechanisms. Nobel Prize in 1963. Flemming, Sir Alexander (1881-1955)Discovered the antibiotic penicillin (1928). Nobel Prize in 1945. Goldstein, E. (1886)Used cathode ray tube to study canal rays, which possessed electrical and magnetic properties opposite those an electron. Hertz, Heinrich (1887)Discovered the  photoelectric effect. Moseley, Henry G.J. (1887-1915)Discovered the relation between the frequency of the x-rays emitted by an element and its  atomic number  (1914). His work led to the  reorganization of the periodic table  based on an atomic number rather  than atomic mass. Hertz, Heinrich (1888)Discovered  radio waves. Adams, Roger (1889-1971)Industrial research on catalysis and methods of structural analysis. Midgley, Thomas (1889-1944)Discovered tetraethyl lead and it used as an antiknock treatment for gasoline (1921). Discovered fluorocarbon refrigerants. Performed early research on synthetic rubber. Ipatieff, Vladimir N. (1890?-1952)Research and development of catalytic alkylation and isomerisation of hydrocarbons (together with Herman Pines). Banting, Sir Frederick (1891-1941)Isolated the insulin molecule. Nobel Prize in 1923. Chadwick, Sir James (1891-1974)Discovered the neutron (1932). Nobel Prize in 1935. Urey, Harold C. (1894-1981)One of the leaders of the Manhattan Project. Discovered deuterium. Nobel Prize 1934. Roentgen, Wilhelm (1895)Discovered that certain chemicals near a cathode  ray tube  glowed. Found highly penetrating rays that were not deflected by a magnetic field, which he named x-rays. Becquerel, Henri (1896)While studying effects of x-rays on photographic film, he discovered that some chemicals spontaneously decompose and emit very penetrating rays. Carothers, Wallace (1896-1937)Synthesized neoprene (polychloroprene) and nylon (polyamide). Thomson,  Joseph J. (1897)Discovered the electron. Used a cathode ray tube to experimentally determine the charge to mass ratio of an electron. Found that canal rays were associated with the proton H. Plank, Max (1900)Stated radiation law and Plancks constant. Soddy (1900)Observed spontaneous disintegration of radioactive elements into isotopes or  new elements, described half-life, made calculations of the energy of decay. Kistiakowsky, George B. (1900-1982)Devised the detonating device used  in the first atomic bomb. Heisenberg, Werner K. (1901-1976)Developed the orbital theory of chemical bonding. Described atoms  using a formula  related to the frequencies of spectral lines. Stated the Uncertainty Principle (1927). Nobel Prize in 1932. Fermi, Enrico (1901-1954)First to achieve a controlled nuclear fission reaction (1939/1942). Performed fundamental research on subatomic particles. Nobel Prize in 1938. Nagaoka (1903)Postulated a Saturnian atom model with flat rings of electrons revolving about a positively charged particle. Abegg (1904)Discovered that inert gasses have a stable electron configuration which results in their chemical inactivity. Geiger, Hans (1906)Developed an electrical device which made an audible click when hit with alpha particles. Lawrence, Ernest O. (1901-1958)Invented the cyclotron, which was used to create the first synthetic elements. Nobel Prize in 1939. Libby,  Wilard  F. (1908-1980)Developed carbon-14 dating technique. Nobel Prize in 1960. Ernest Rutherford  and Thomas Royds (1909)Demonstrated  that alpha particles  are doubly ionized  helium atoms. Bohr, Niels (1913)Devised quantum model  of the atom  in which atoms had orbital shells of electrons. Milliken, Robert (1913)Experimentally determined the charge and mass of an electron using an oil drop. Crick, F.H.C (1916- ) with Watson, James D.Described the structure of the DNA molecule (1953). Woodward, Robert W. (1917-1979)Synthesized  many compounds, including cholesterol, quinine, chlorophyll, and cobalamin. Nobel Prize in 1965. Aston (1919)Use a mass spectrograph to demonstrate the existence of isotopes. de Broglie (1923)Described the particle/wave duality of electrons. Heisenberg, Werner (1927)Stated the quantum uncertainty principle. Described atoms using a formula based on the frequencies of spectral lines. Cockcroft / Walton (1929)Constructed a linear accelerator and bombarded lithium with protons to produce alpha particles. Schodinger (1930)Described electrons as continuous clouds. Introduced wave mechanics to mathematically describe the atom. Dirac, Paul (1930)Proposed anti-particles and discovered the anti-electron (positron) in 1932. (Segre/Chamberlain detected the anti-proton in 1955). Chadwick, James (1932)Discovered the neutron. Anderson, Carl (1932)Discovered the positron. Pauli, Wolfgang (1933)Proposed the  existence of neutrinos  as a means of accounting for what appeared to be a violation of the law of conservation of energy in some nuclear reactions. Fermi, Enrico (1934)Formulated his  theory of beta decay. Lise Meitner, Hahn, Strassman (1938)Verified  that heavy elements capture neutrons to form  fisionable  unstable products in a process which ejects more neutrons, thus continuing the chain reaction.  that heavy elements capture neutrons to form  fisionable  unstable products in a process which ejects more neutrons, thus continuing the chain reaction. Seaborg, Glenn (1941-1951)Synthesized  several transuranium elements  and suggested a revision to the  layout of the periodic table.